Fundamentals of Epidemiology and Biostatistics for Nursing

For each exercise section – questions to be graded, in the book “statistics for health care research, a practical workbook”, answer only the specified questions written in bold. Show your calculations and provide rationale for your answers for full credit.
Read the sections in the workbook in order to answer the questions.
Exercise 1: Identifying Level of Measurement: Nominal

a. What number and percentage of the 44 depressed subjects were treated with antidepressant medications? Do you think an adequate number received treatment with medication? Provide a rationale for your answer.

b. The researchers excluded persons from the study who had a history of psychiatric illness. Provide a rationale for excluding these persons.

Exercise 2: Identifying Level of Measurement: Ordinal

a. What statistics were used to describe the demographic variable Estimated Yearly Family Income in this study? Were these appropriate?

b. Should the demographic variable Educational level be analyzed with parametric or nonparametric statistical analysis techniques? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 3: Identifying Level of Measurement: Interval/Ratio

a. Looking at Table II, what descriptive analysis techniques were performed on the interval/ratio data?

b. Are there significant differences between the intervention and the control groups for any of the variables in Table I? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 4: Understanding Percentages

a. What number and percentage (%) of the total number of respondents had a current CRC test?

b.Explain why the number of total subjects’ data in Table 2 is for 859 subjects when the total sample for the study was 869 subjects.

Exercise 5: Frequency Distributions with Percentages

a. What level of education achieved by the mothers is the mode for this variable?
Document your answer as both a frequency and percentage.

b. Do you think that this study and its results can be generalized to the United States? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 6: Cumulative Percentages and Percentile Ranks

a. What number and percentage of nurses documented a different pain score from the grimacing patient’s self-reported pain score of 8?

b. Is this study only applicable to the elderly population? Do you think younger patients’ self-reports of pain are believed and their pain appropriately treated?

Exercise 7: Interpreting Histograms

a. In Figure 2, which variable is placed on the x-axis? Which variable is placed on the y-axis?

b. Examine Figures 1 and 2 and compare their distribution patterns. Are the distribution patterns similar? Provide a rationale for you answer.

Exercise 8: Interpreting Line Graphs

a. The breastfeeding rate post-intervention was greater than the pre-intervention rate over the 12 months of the study. Is this statement true or false? Provide a rationale for your answer.

b. What implications for practice do you note from these study results?

Exercise 11: Using Statistics to Describe a Study Sample

a. What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer.

b. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 15: Measurement of Central Tendency: Mean, Median,
and Mode

a. The following list represents the number of nursing students enrolled in a particular nursing program between the years of 2001 and 2007, respectively: 563, 593, 606, 520, 563, 610, and 577. Determine the mean, median, and mode of the number of the nursing students enrolled in the above program between 2001 and 2007. Show your calculations.

b. Assuming that a = 0.01, which nursing specialties demonstrated a significant change in popularity between the stages 1 and 2 of the research questionnaire administration? Provide a rationale for your response.

Exercise 16: Mean and Standard Deviation

A. The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval/ratio
d. Experimental

b. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the research results? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 19: Determining Skewness of a Distribution

A. The age distribution of people diagnosed with cystic fibrosis is most likely to be:
a. negatively skewed.
b. normally distributed.
c. positively skewed.
d. bimodal.

b. Does a set of scores with most of its values above the mean have a negatively or positively skewed distribution? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 22: Scatterplot

a. What type of relationship does Figure 22–2 illustrate? Provide a rationale for youranswer.

b. Does Figure 1 from the Hitchings and Moynihan (1998) study have any outliers?Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 23: Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient

a. Without using numbers, describe the relationship between the Hamstring strengthindex 120°/s and the Triple hop index.

b. Consider the relationship reported for the Quadriceps strength index 120º/s and theHop index (r = 0.744**, p = 0.000). What do these r and p values indicate related to statistical significance and clinical importance? [alpha is set at 0.05].

Exercise 29: t-Test for Independent Groups I

a. t= –3.15 describes the difference between women and men for what variable in thisstudy? Is this value significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. [alpha is set at 0.05]

b. Consider t = –2.50 and t = –2.74. Which t ratio has the smaller p value? Provide arationale for your answer. What does this result mean?

Exercise 36: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) I

a. The researchers stated that the participants in the intervention group reported areduction in mobility difficulty at week 12. Was this result statistically significant,and if so at what probability?

b. Can ANOVA be used to test proposed relationships or predicted correlations
between variables in a single group? Provide a rationale for your answer.

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