Understanding Psychology Book

Why did people initially believe that a horse named “Clever Hans” could do math and that a procedure called “facilitated communication” could enable autistic children to type out complex messages?
1. In both cases, the unusual behavior was initially demonstrated under carefully controlled conditions
2. Both cases were very elaborate hoaxes designed by con artists who were intentionally trying to fool people
3. In both cases, people initially failed to recognize alternative explanations for the observed behavior
4. In both cases, scientists falsified their data

Loftus’s research demonstrates which of the following features of memory?
1. That memory functions much like a video recorder–an event that is recorded in memory can be
“played back” to give a full and accurate recall of the event
2. That a memory for an event can be reconstructed so that it contains new information that was not
available at the time of the event
3. That short-term memory is less accurate than long-term memory
4. That repressed memories can be recalled under hypnosis

Loftus’s research on the reconstructive nature of memory has been applied to which of the following issues?
1. The accuracy of eyewitness testimony
2. The existence of repressed memories of traumatic events
3. The accuracy of “fantastic memories” of paranormal events such as alien abductions
4. All of the these issues
Why are psychological experiments often conducted under special controlled conditions that do not occur naturally outside the laboratory?
1. The special conditions ensure that the experimental manipulations are unlikely to have lasting effects
on the research participants after the experiment is concluded
2. The special conditions are necessary in order to pry apart naturally occurring relationships
and isolate the variable of interest from other variables
3. The special conditions are necessary to prevent unscrupulous people from using the results of psychological
research to control and manipulate people against their will
4. The special conditions ensure that the results of experiments will be known only to scientists and
will not confuse or frighten the public (many of whom don’t understand or trust science)

Loftus’s research shows that when research participants are shown an event and are then asked a question about the event that contains a false presupposition (that is, the question makes reference to an object that was not actually present during the event), the research participants are later likely to
1. forget that the question was ever asked.
2. correctly recall that the nonexistent object was not actually there.
3. claim to remember the nonexistent object.
4. forget many true details of the event.5.
What is the importance of manipulation and control in the experimental method?
1. Manipulation and control ensure that experiments are ethical
2. Manipulation and control help rule out plausible alternative explanations for the results
3. Manipulation and control are threats to the validity of an experiment and they must always be
minimized or eliminated entirely
4. Manipulation and control assure that only scientists can conduct experiments

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